Keeping pace with the ever-changing life sciences industry, Morrison Foerster stays on top of the trends and political, legal, and economic drivers to support striking the balance between innovative discovery and purposeful business planning to assure our clients continued success. MoFo Life Sciences shares timely legal and business insights and in-depth analyses on trends and the complex technologies at the heart of the global pharmaceutical, biotechnology, diagnostics, medical devices, digital health, and AgTech fields.Learn more about our <a href="https://www.mofo.com/capabilities/life-sciences-healthcare" target="_self">Life Sciences practice</a>.<h2 dir="ltr">ABOUT MORRISON FOERSTER</h2>Morrison Foerster is a leading global law firm that transforms complexity into advantage for its clients. Our clients include some of the largest financial institutions, banks, consulting and accounting firms, and Fortune 100, technology, and life sciences companies. Highlighting the firm’s commitment to client service, leadership in market-changing deals and impact litigation, and values-based culture, Morrison Foerster has been repeatedly recognized as one of the top 10 firms on The American Lawyer’s A-List. Year after year, the firm receives significant recognition from Chambers and The Legal 500 across their various guides, including Global, USA, Asia‑Pacific, Europe, UK, Latin America, and FinTech Legal. Our lawyers passionately care about delivering legal excellence while living our values. Morrison Foerster has a long-standing commitment to creating a culture that respects and celebrates differences, while providing an inclusive environment. The firm has achieved Mansfield Certification Plus since 2018 as a result of successfully reaching at least 30 percent women, communities of color, and LGBTQ+ lawyer representation in a notable number of current leadership roles and committees. The firm also has a long history of commitment to the community and society through providing pro bono legal services, including litigating for civil rights and civil liberties, improving public education and fostering the wellbeing of children, advocating for veterans, promoting international human rights, enforcing the right to asylum, and safeguarding the environment.

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Dr. Meghan Poon counsels clients on patent preparation and prosecution, portfolio strategy, and IP due diligence in the areas of biotechnology and biologics. She has significant experience in diverse technologies including antibodies, cell therapies, gene therapies, diagnostics, and gene-edited plants. She represents clients ranging from large international pharmaceutical companies to midsized companies, startups, and universities.Meghan has filed numerous Patent Term Extension applications to secure additional term for her clients’ patents, which cover FDA-approved products. In addition, Meghan has extensive experience addressing complex obviousness-double patenting and subject matter eligibility issues impacting her clients’ patent portfolios. Meghan also represents clients in both investor-side and target-side due diligence, in deals from seed funding to initial public offerings.Prior to law school, Meghan attended graduate school at the University of California, Los Angeles, where she received a Ph.D. in biological chemistry based on her work on protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions at a molecular level. Meghan is the author of several scientific publications and has presented her research at international conferences.Meghan received her J.D. from the University of Southern California Law School and spent a year as a visiting student at Santa Clara University, where she focused on intellectual property.

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Morrison Foerster's patent prosecution and patent strategy team is highly qualified with more than 100 advanced degrees and multilingual capabilities.

With 80+ Ph.D.s, more than 100 advanced degrees, and multi-lingual capabilities, including Chinese and German, we offer clients around the world a patent prosecution and counseling practice that is unrivaled in its depth of industry and technical experience.

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Dr. Meghan Poon counsels clients on patent preparation and prosecution, portfolio strategy, and IP due diligence in the areas of biotechnology and biologics. She has significant experience in diverse technologies including antibodies, cell therapies, gene therapies, diagnostics, and gene-edited plants.

Meghan Poon

Wolfgang advises clients on contentious and non-contentious matters involving their most valuable intellectual property assets in life sciences, digital, and high-tech industries.His subjects of focus include research and development collaborations, complex licensing agreements, and other technology transactions, as well as know-how protection strategies, and employee invention law. He also has substantial experience in litigating patents, trademarks, and other intellectual property assets, often in a multijurisdictional context. In addition, Wolfgang and his team frequently clear trademarks and ad campaigns and prosecute trademark applications.Wolfgang is co-editor of our <a href="https://lifesciences.mofo.com/" dir="ltr" target="_blank">MoFo Life Sciences Blog</a>.Wolfgang is a partner of Morrison Foerster based in our German office in Berlin.<h4 dir="ltr">Representative Transactional Matters</h4><ul dir="ltr"><li>U.S.-based BioTech fund on various research collaborations and other transactions with German start-ups or research institutions.</li><li>Negotiate multimillion-euro strategic partnership between two AgTech leaders concerning the development and commercialization of pest-resistant transgenic traits.</li><li>Craft global multi-million collaboration regarding AI-powered robotic MaaS.</li><li>UK-based digital health company on product roll-out of RPM applications in Germany; coordinate international expansion.</li><li>Advise numerous German start-ups on their U.S. expansion.</li><li>Draft diverse global patent and know-how license agreements in the areas of AgTech and life sciences—including gene licensing and licensing of genome editing technologies (e.g., CRISPR)—and medical devices; draft correlating supply and distribution agreements.</li><li>Structure IP rights in connection with joint ventures and other M&A transactions, including the carve-out of a patent-heavy semiconductor business comprising nine jurisdictions into a German–U.S. joint venture.</li><li dir="ltr">Advise on government-funded, multi-partner R&D projects and/or R&D projects with academic institutions, as well as on employee invention law.</li></ul><h4 dir="ltr">Representative Contentious IP Matters</h4><ul dir="ltr"><li>Lead counsel in an international dispute between software companies on rights and obligations following termination of a multi-million licensing and distribution arrangement; coordinate local counsel.</li><li>Defend Japanese chip manufacturer in high-profile SEP-litigation; advise on global settlement arrangement.</li><li>Represent leading internet retailer in patent infringement and concurrent invalidity proceedings in the context of a multijurisdictional dispute concerning touch-screen technology.</li><li>Represent diverse pharmaceutical and life sciences companies in national and cross-border patent infringement proceedings and other technology-related disputes, including preliminary injunctions as well as pre‑trial discovery and inspection proceedings, concerning, inter alia, drug-coating technologies, toner cartridges, medicinal gases, transgenic plants, and vaccines.</li><li dir="ltr">Conduct trademark, copyright, and false advertising litigation, including, most notably, a high-profile trademark litigation for a German bank, and a nine-country cross-border trademark litigation involving a famous pharmaceutical brand.</li></ul>

Dr. Wolfgang Schönig berät Mandanten zum Schutz des geistigen Eigentums sowohl in streitigen als auch nichtstreitigen Angelegenheiten, mit einem besonderen Fokus auf die IP-rechtliche Beratung von Unternehmen aus den Bereichen Life Sciences, Digitalwirtschaft und High-Tech.Zu seinen Beratungsschwerpunkten gehören Forschungs- und Entwicklungskooperationen, komplexe Lizenzvertragsgestaltungen und andereTechnologie-Transaktionen, sowie Know-how-Schutz-Strategien und das Arbeitnehmererfinderrecht. Er verfügt zudem über umfangreiche Prozesserfahrung zur Durchsetzung von Patenten, Marken- und anderen IP-Rechten, häufig auch in einem grenzüberschreitenden Kontext. Darüber hinaus bewertet Dr. Wolfgang Schönig zusammen mit seinem Team regelmäßig die Rechtskonformität von Werbekampagnen, prüft die Verfügbarkeit von Marken und entwickelt entsprechende Anmeldestrategien.Dr. Wolfgang Schönig ist Co-Editor des Life Sciences Blogs von Morrison Foerster.Er hat seinen Doktortitel an der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf und seinen LL.M. an der Fordham School of Law in New York erworben, jeweils mit Schwerpunkt im gewerblichen Rechtsschutz. Seinen MBA-Abschluss erhielt er von der European University in Barcelona.Dr. Wolfgang Schönig ist Partner des deutschen Büros von Morrison Foerster in Berlin.<h4 dir="ltr">Repräsentative Transaktionen</h4><ul><li dir="ltr">BioTech-Fonds mit Sitz in den USA bei verschiedenen Forschungskooperationen und anderen Transaktionen mit deutschen Start-ups oder Forschungseinrichtungen</li><li dir="ltr">Verhandlung einer hochvolumigen strategischen Partnerschaft zwischen zwei Technologieführern im Bereich Crop Science betreffend der Entwicklung und Kommerzialisierung von bestimmten Resistenzen</li><li dir="ltr">Gestaltung einer globalen Multi-Millionen-Zusammenarbeit für KI-gestützte Roboter</li><li dir="ltr">Ein in Großbritannien ansässiges Unternehmen für digitale Gesundheit bei der Markteinführung von RPM-Anwendungen in Deutschland; Koordination der internationalen Expansion</li><li dir="ltr">Beratung zahlreicher deutscher Start-ups bei deren US-Expansion</li><li dir="ltr">Strukturierung und Verhandlung diverser Patent- und Know-How-Lizenzen in den Bereichen Ag Tech und Life Sciences – einschließlich Fragen zu genome editing wie CRISPR-Medizingeräte, sowie Gestaltung von Softwarelizenzverträgen und Erstellung korrespondierender Liefer- und Vertriebsvereinbarungen</li><li dir="ltr">Strukturierung von IP-Rechten im Zusammenhang mit Joint Ventures und anderen M&A-Transaktionen, darunter die Koordination eines neun Länder umfassenden IP Carve-Outs im Rahmen eines Halbleiter-JVs</li><li dir="ltr">Beratung zu staatlich geförderten Multi-Partner F&E-Projekten und/oder F&E-Projekten mit akademischen Einrichtungen sowie zum Arbeitnehmererfindungsrecht</li></ul><h4 dir="ltr">Repräsentative IP-Streitigkeiten</h4><ul><li dir="ltr">Lead Counsel in einem internationalen Rechtsstreit zwischen Softwareunternehmen über Rechte und Pflichten nach Beendigung einer millionenschweren Lizenz- und Vertriebsvereinbarung; Koordinierung der lokalen Anwälte</li><li dir="ltr">Verteidigung eines japanischen Chipherstellers in einem prominenten Streitfall bezüglich Standardessentieller Patente (SEP); Beratung zu einer globalen Vergleichsregelung</li><li dir="ltr">Verteidigung einer führenden Internetplattform gegen Ansprüche eines Patenttrolls wegen vermeintlicher Verletzung von Patent bezüglich Touchscreen-Technologie sowie korrespondierende US-Streitigkeiten</li><li dir="ltr">Vertretung von Pharma- und Life Science-Unternehmen in nationalen und grenzüberschreitenden Patentverletzungsverfahren und anderen technologiebezogenen Streitigkeiten, einschließlich einstweiliger Verfügungsverfahren und vorprozessualer Beweissicherungs- und Besichtigungsverfahren, unter anderem in Bezug auf Arzneimittelbeschichtungstechnologien, Tonerkartuschen, medizinische Gase, transgene Pflanzen und Impfstoffe</li></ul>

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Wolfgang Schönig is a partner of Morrison Foerster (International) LLP based in our German office in Berlin. His practice specialty is advising on IP aspects relative to transactions in, among others, the life sciences, AgTech and pharmaceuticals industry, as well as legal representation in IP disputes. Wolfgang is specialized in research and development collaborations, complex licensing agreements, technology acquisitions, know-how protection strategies, and employee invention law.

Wolfgang Schönig focuses his practice on IP aspects relative to transactions in the digital, telecoms, high tech, life sciences, and pharmaceuticals industry, as well as legal representation in IP disputes.

Wolfgang Schönig advises clients on IP aspects relating to transactions in, among others, the life sciences, AgTech and pharmaceuticals industry, as well as legal representation in IP disputes. His additional focus areas include research and development collaborations, complex licensing agreements, technology acquisitions, know-how protection strategies, and employee invention law.

Wolfgang Schönig

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MoFo Life Sciences shares timely legal and business insights and in-depth analyses on trends and the complex technologies at the heart of the global pharmaceutical, biotechnology, diagnostics, medical devices, digital health, and AgTech fields.

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Data Privacy at the Crossroads of AI and Life Sciences: U.S. and EU Perspectives

Federal Circuit Vacates and Remands in Long-Pending Dispute over CRISPR IP

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MoFo partners Kate Driscoll and Nate Mendell launched the MoFo life sciences podcast When Your Life Sciences Are on the Line this week, and Episode 1 is now <a href="https://soundcloud.com/user-496742723/03-27-lifescience-podcast01-v1" target="_blank">available</a>. The podcast features interviews with legal experts who share insights and advice you just might need when your life sciences are on the line.The special guest for Episode 1 was Jim Krenn, a MoFo partner whose practice is focused on major corporate transactions for emerging and established companies in the life sciences. Jim, Nate, and Kate discuss strategies to maximize and protect the value of trade secrets, how investing in compliance early pays dividends as companies mature, and where companies may face government scrutiny on the journey from startup to public company.Trade secrets play a central role in raising capital, selling a company, and going public, and the rise of cyber breaches and sophisticated intellectual property theft has pushed investors to look closely at how trade secrets are safeguarded. Jim maps out strategies for maximizing the value of trade secrets at key stages and discusses with Nate and Kate how to protect a critical asset for many life sciences companies.Early-stage companies often focus on development and growth, but an appropriate compliance function is important to control present and future downside risk. Jim explains the decision dynamics at play, and Kate discusses how increased scrutiny on life sciences companies makes good compliance a winning value proposition.Outside scrutiny on company systems peaks when the time comes to take a company public or consider a merger or acquisition. Interested parties pore over compliance functions at this stage, particularly in the highly regulated life sciences industry. Nate and Kate discuss corresponding risks for company insiders.

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Katherine (Kate) Driscoll, partner, focuses her practice on white collar defense, investigations and enforcement actions for companies and senior executives.

Kate Driscoll

Katherine (Kate) Driscoll is a partner in Morrison Foerster’s Investigations + White Collar Defense Practice Group. Kate focuses her practice on investigations, enforcement actions, and compliance, representing companies and senior business executives.

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Nathaniel (Nate) Mendell is a partner in Morrison Foerster’s Investigations + White Collar Defense and Privacy + Data Security practice groups and was the former Acting U.S. Attorney for the United States Attorney’s Office for the District of Massachusetts. 

Nathaniel Mendell

Nathaniel R. Mendell

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Co-Chair of Emerging Companies + Venture Capital Practice

Jim has extensive experience representing private and public companies and investors in significant business transactions from formation through liquidity. His practice focuses on mergers and acquisitions, venture capital financings, and emerging company counseling. His clients span a broad range of industries, with a concentration in life science and technology companies.

Jim Krenn

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MoFo partners Kate Driscoll and Nate Mendell launched the MoFo life sciences podcast When Your Life Sciences Are on the Line this week, and Episode 1 is now available. 

When Your Life Sciences Are on the Line: Protecting Your Company’s Most Valuable Asset: Trade Secrets

The Beni Suef Economic Court in Egypt has recently ordered the removal of nearly five hectares of illegally grown Early Sweet™ grapevines, totaling 9000 vines and associated seedlings. The farm owner did not have a license to grow or commercialize the Early Sweet™ grapes and was found to be infringing the intellectual property (IP) rights held by Grapa Varieties Ltd. The case against the farm owner was won by Grapa, which specializes in breeding and licensing premium table grape varieties under the ARRA™ and Early Sweet™ brands. The particular IP right at issue was a plant breeders’ right (PBR) owned by Grapa.PBRs are similar to other forms of IP, such as patents, but are a sui generis form of IP protection available in many countries specifically for plant varieties. Egypt introduced its national plant variety protection system in 2002 under Law 82. Although negotiations regarding an association agreement for Egypt to be considered for membership in the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) began in 1995, Egypt did not accede to UPOV until 2019, after establishing compliance with the 1991 revised version of the UPOV Convention.  Grapa Varieties Ltd. previously dealt with illegal grape exports into Europe in June 2021 when illegally exported grapes were <a href="https://grapaes.com/the-power-of-enforcement/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=the-power-of-enforcement">seized in a port and destroyed</a>. However, the new removal order is the first instance when enforcement has protected the PBRs at the origin of the fruit inside Egypt. The Beni Suef Economic Court ruling thus reflects a significant expansion in the industry protection of PBRs in Egypt, and comes as part of a wider crackdown on illegal fruit exports. This crackdown has been assisted by a decree issued last year by Egypt’s Minister of Agriculture, H.E. El-Sayed El-Quseir, which requires all farms to be registered and assessed before gaining the right to export. Infringements, such as from the propagation, sale, display, or export of the variety without a license, now result in a fine and the possibility of a custodial sentence.The order from the Beni Suef Economic Court demonstrates the commitment of Egypt’s phytosanitary authorities to protect the rights of plant breeders and their legitimate licensees within the country. The outcome of this case is likely to resonate throughout the export industry, as repeated incidents of export seizures incur significant financial losses for exporters, and negatively impact Egypt’s international reputation in the agricultural sector. Given that Egypt exports around 150,000 tonnes of grapes a year and has cornered the market as the world’s largest exporter of fresh oranges, relying on seizures at the export stage to protect plant IP would be worrying and expensive. The protection afforded through PBRs within Egypt is thus instrumental in ensuring that the IP holder does not experience a loss in revenue caused by illegal production and importation. <a href="https://grapaes.com/illegal-early-sweet-grapes-uprooted-in-egypt/">Sources</a> believe the citrus market is next in line for the IP shake-up.The <a href="https://www.freshfruitportal.com/news/2022/07/13/grapa-wins-legal-case-against-illegal-planting-in-egypt/">well-publicized protection</a> of Grapa’s PBRs by the Court will boost breeders’ confidence that pursuing illegal plantations, nurseries, and exporters in Egypt is not only achievable, but is expected of the phytosanitary authorities. This will have the additional benefit of strengthening Egypt’s image in international markets, thus improving Egypt’s ability to access new protected plants and create a healthy climate for breeders to invest in Egypt.

IN VINEIS VERITAS: NO SOUR GRAPES AS EGYPTIAN COURT ORDERS REMOVAL OF ILLEGAL VINES

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Dr. Liz Freeman Rosenzweig focuses her practice on patent prosecution and intellectual property and regulatory counseling in the areas of life sciences and agricultural biotechnology, including AgTech

Liz Freeman Rosenzweig Ph.D.

Liz Freeman Rosenzweig

IN VINEIS VERITAS: NO SOUR GRAPES AS EGYPTIAN COURT ORDERS REMOVAL OF ILLEGAL VINES

The Beni Suef Economic Court in Egypt has recently ordered the removal of nearly five hectares of illegally grown Early Sweet™ grapevines, totaling 9000 vines and associated seedlings. The farm owner did not have a license to grow or commercialize the Early Sweet™ grapes and was found to be infringing the intellectual property (IP) rights held by Grapa Varieties Ltd. The case against the farm owner was won by Grapa, which specializes in breeding and licensing premium table grape varieties under the ARRA™ and Early Sweet™ brands. The particular IP right at issue was a plant breeders’ right (PBR) owned by Grapa.

Research assistant Nicole Gebert contributed to this article.<a href="https://lifesciences.mofo.com/topics/eu-in-vitro-diagnostic-regulation-entered-into-force--part-1-of-3.html">Part 1</a> of this article discussed the background and purpose of the <a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2017/746/oj" target="_blank">EU In Vitro Diagnostic Regulation (EU) 2017/746</a> (IVDR), the definition of in vitro diagnostic medical devices (IVDs), the risk-based classification system, conformity assessments, and the role of notified bodies. This was followed by <a href="https://lifesciences.mofo.com/topics/eu-in-vitro-diagnostic-regulation-entered-into-force--part-2-of-3.html" target="_blank">part 2</a>, where we discussed clinical evidence, post-market surveillance, and transition periods. We will now focus specifically on requirements for medical device software (MDSW) as an IVD (IVD-MDSW) and the delimitation between the application of the <a target="_blank" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32017R0745">EU Medical Device Regulation (EU) 2017/745</a> (MDR) and application of the IVDR to a software device.<h2>Qualification as IVD-MDSW</h2>As already mentioned in<a href="https://lifesciences.mofo.com/topics/eu-in-vitro-diagnostic-regulation-entered-into-force--part-1-of-3.html" target="_blank"> part 1</a> of this article, the expanded IVDR definition of “in vitro diagnostic medical devices” in Article 2 (2) now explicitly includes software.IVD-MDSW usually occurs in the following forms:<ul><li>Software itself as an IVD</li><li>Software as an accessory for an IVD</li><li>Software driving or influencing the use of an IVD</li></ul>The first stage in determining whether the software is an IVD-MDSW subject to the IVDR is to confirm that the software is a medical device (MDSW).<ul><li>The Medical Device Coordination Group (MDCG) guideline <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/37581?locale=en" target="_blank">MDCG 2019-11</a> clarifies that MDSW is software intended to be used alone, or in combination, for a purpose as specified in the definition of “medical device” in the MDR or IVDR (for more information on the intended purpose of MDSW under the MDR, see part 2 our <a href="https://lifesciences.mofo.com/topics/Software-as-Medical-Device-in-Eu--New-Reg-Enter-into-Force--Part-2-of-6.html" target="_blank">MDR blog series</a>). In general, software that processes, analyses, creates, or modifies medical information will qualify as MDSW if it is intended to have a medical purpose. Software for non-medical purposes, or for general purposes, even when used in a healthcare setting, or software intended for well-being purposes, is not covered by the MDR and IVDR. Software that merely used to store, archive, or performs simple searches on medical data does not qualify as MDSW.</li></ul>Second, the software must meet the following criteria to qualify as IVD-MDSW:<ul><li>The MDSW provides information within the scope of the definition of IVDs; </li><li>MDSW creates information based on data obtained by an IVD only; or</li><li>The intended purpose of the MDSW is substantially driven by data sources coming from IVDs.</li></ul>In accordance with the second step, an MDSW that analyses maternal parameters such as age, concentration of serum markers, and information obtained through various IVD assays, as well as fetal ultrasound examination to evaluate the risk of trisomy 21, may be considered an IVD-MDSW as the intended purpose is substantially driven by IVD data.MDSW that does not fulfill this second step is covered exclusively by the MDR. This includes, for example, MDSW that assesses the level of risk to initiate care processes that help reduce intensive care unit (ICU) transfers, readmissions, adverse events, and the duration of stay, by considering risk assessment parameters like respiratory rate, heart rate, blood pressure, and SpO2, by default, and can be configured by the user to include other parameters as well, including results from in vitro medical diagnostic devices. This MDSW would fall under the MDR as (i) the data is obtained from both IVDs and medical devices, and (ii) the data obtained from the IVD is not critical to the output, so the information derived from the medical device is more relevant to the intended purpose.<h2>Risk Classification of IVD-MDSW According to the IVDR</h2>In <a href="https://lifesciences.mofo.com/topics/eu-in-vitro-diagnostic-regulation-entered-into-force--part-1-of-3.html" target="_blank">part 1</a> of this article, we discussed the adoption of a new classification system. We also pointed out that the IVDR does not contain software-specific classification rules, like Rule 11 of Annex VIII to the MDR. Therefore, the classification of MDSW under the IVDR requires consideration of all classification and implementation rules of Annex VIII to the IVDR.The classification system of the IVDR considers the intended purpose of the device and the inherent risks, and groups devices into four different risk classes (classes A to D) in ascending order of their risk intensity. For example, software for the interpretation of automated readings of line immunoassay for the confirmation and determination of antibodies to HIV-1, HIV-1 group O, and HIV-2 in human serum and plasma, may be a device intended to be used for determining the infectious load of a life-threatening disease where monitoring is critical in the process of patient management under rule 1 of Annex VIII to the IVDR and would thus be classified in class D. At the same time, the IVD-MDSW referred to above, which uses maternal parameters and information obtained through fetal ultrasound examination to evaluate the risk of trisomy 21, may be considered a device that is intended for screening for congenital disorders in the embryo or fetus under Rule 3 (l) of Annex VIII to the IVDR and should thus be in class C.However, given the close nature of the MDR and the IVDR, there are of course similarities in the regulation of MDSW. Very similar to the risk assessment under the software-specific rule 11 of Annex VIII to the MDR (i.e., which effectively provides for class IIa ranking as a default result and therefore requires notified body review of most MDSW), the risk assessment of MDSW under the IVDR will in most cases result in a class B ranking (or higher) and therefore also require the IVD-MDSW to undergo an conformity assessment by a notified body. This is because IVDs, including IVD-MDSW, which are not covered by any specific classification rule, fall under class B by default (Rule 6 of Annex VIII of the IVDR).<h2>Technical Documentation for IVD-MDSW</h2>Before placing IVDs on the market, most manufacturers will need to get their technical documentation assessed by a notified body (see <a href="https://lifesciences.mofo.com/topics/eu-in-vitro-diagnostic-regulation-entered-into-force--part-1-of-3.html" target="_blank">part 1</a> of this article for IVDR conformity assessment routes). The IVDR stipulates several software-specific requirements for the technical documentation in Annex II:<ul><li>The device description and specification should include a description of any software that drives the device or influences use of the device (Annex II 1.1.k).</li><li>For IVDs that incorporate software, the design information should include a description of any software to be used with the device, as well as an overview of the entire system. If the IVD uses software for objective data interpretation, or if the software is independent of any other device, a description of the data interpretation methodology, namely the algorithm, should be included (Annex II 3.1).</li><li>The documentation should further contain evidence of software validation as used in the finished device, as well as address all hardware configurations and, where applicable, operating systems identified in the labeling (Annex II 6.4, EN ISO/IEC 62304 is considered the state of the art approach).</li></ul>Several guidelines for IVDR technical documentation submissions have been issued by notified bodies and should be taken into consideration when dealing with the respective notified body (e.g., TÜV Rheinland, BSI).<h2>Introduction of a Unique Device Identification Requirement for IVD-MDSW</h2>The IVDR, like the MDR, introduces the Unique Device Identification (UDI) system. Annex VI Part C 6.2 of the IVDR addresses the UDI assignment for software specifically. In accordance with the IVDR, software that is commercially available on its own (i.e., standalone IVD-MDSW), as well as software that constitutes an IVD device, shall be subject to UDI requirements. These requirements are identical for MDSW under the MDR and for IVD-MDSW under the IVDR. More details on how to identify software devices can be found in <a href="https://lifesciences.mofo.com/topics/Software-as-medical-device-in-Europe--New-Regulatory-Regime-About-To-Enter-Into-Force--Part-5-of-6.html" target="_blank">part 5</a> of our blog series on the MDR.<h2>IT Security</h2>Among the many novelties introduced, the IVDR and the MDR aim to ensure that devices placed on the EU market are suitable for the new technological challenges associated with cybersecurity risks.IVDs must thus be designed and manufactured in a way that removes or reduces risks associated with the possible negative interaction between software and the IT environment in which it operates and interacts (Annex I Chapter II 13.2.d). Manufacturers must establish, implement, document, and maintain a risk management system. Particularly with the complexity of software development, software configuration, and interdependencies between software components, IVD-MDSW is afflicted with security vulnerabilities. It is therefore considered more reasonable that software as such is subject to foreseeable misuse. Manufacturers should foresee or evaluate the potential exploitation of those vulnerabilities.Manufacturers must also develop and manufacture IVD-MDSW in accordance with the state of the art, while taking into account the principles of development lifecycle and risk management, including information security, verification, and validation. Manufacturers also need to set out minimum requirements concerning IT network characteristics and IT security measures, including protection against unauthorized access (Annex I Chapter II (16) IVDR).Further information can be found in the MDCG Guidance on Cybersecurity for medical devices (<a href="https://ec.europa.eu/health/system/files/2022-01/md_cybersecurity_en.pdf" target="_blank">MDCG 2019-16</a>).<h2>Performance Evaluation of IVD-MDSW</h2>Although the IVDD already required a performance assessment, it was only implied, not explicitly stated, and primarily concerned with the analytical performance of the device. Under the IVDR, any software that qualifies as an IVD must meet all clinical evidence and performance evaluation principles explicitly outlined in Article 56 (1) and Annex XIII of the IVDR. The MDCGs Guidance on Clinical Evaluation (MDR) / Performance Evaluation (IVDR) of Medical Device Software (<a href="https://ec.europa.eu/health/system/files/2020-09/md_mdcg_2020_1_guidance_clinic_eva_md_software_en_0.pdf" target="_blank">MDCG 2020-1</a>) aims to provide the framework for the determination of the appropriate level of clinical evidence required for MDSW to fulfill the requirements set out in the IVDR (and MDR).Although the definition of clinical evaluation in the MDR and performance evaluation in the IVDR are not identical, sufficient clinical evidence is expected in both cases to demonstrate compliance with the relevant general safety and performance requirements.When collecting clinical evidence for IVD-MDSW, three key elements should be taken into account:<ul><li>Scientific validity;</li><li>Analytical performance; and</li><li>Clinical performance.</li></ul>Part A of Annex XIII applies primarily to the pre-market phase and defines performance evaluation as a three-step process: (i) drafting a performance evaluation plan, (ii) collecting data to demonstrate scientific validity and analytical and clinical performance, and (iii) evaluating and documenting the data in a performance evaluation report.Part B of Annex XIII concerns the post-market phase and outlines the requirements for post-market performance follow-up. This concept was not included in the IVDD, but is in line with the practice of many manufacturers to conduct a periodic “state of the art” review.<h2>Concluding Remarks</h2>Under the IVDR, IVD-MDSW is subject to several software specific requirements. As most IVD-MDSW will likely end up in class B or higher, manufacturers will also need to undergo notified body review in order to be able to place IVD-MDSW on the market. Therefore, it can be expected that a number of manufacturers will make use of the transition periods discussed in <a href="https://lifesciences.mofo.com/topics/eu-in-vitro-diagnostic-regulation-entered-into-force--part-2-of-3.html" target="_blank">part 2</a> of this blog series. However, as discussed in more detail in <a href="https://lifesciences.mofo.com/topics/Software-as-medical-device-in-Europe-new-regulatory-regime-to-enter-into-force-part-6.html" target="_blank">part 4 of our blog series on MDSW under the MDR</a>, in particular MDSW manufacturers should be aware of the implications that come along with the use of transition periods as the IVD-MDSW may not undergo any significant changes to its design or intended purpose in order to benefit from such transition periods.

Wolfgang advises clients on contentious and non-contentious matters involving their most valuable intellectual property assets in the digital, high-tech, life sciences, and pharmaceutical industries.

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Counsel

Robert advises companies from the technology and life sciences sectors on a wide range of commercial, intellectual property (IP) and regulatory matters. His clients range from multinational corporations to startups and scaleups.

Robert Grohmann

Robert Grohmann is counsel at Morrison Foerster’s German office in Berlin. As a member of the technology transactions group, he focuses on advising domestic and foreign companies and startups in all areas of technology and IP law, including patent and software licensing, employee inventions law, as well as know-how protection. Moreover, Mr. Grohmann’s expertise encompasses the judicial and extra-judicial representation in matters of trademark law, design law, and competition law.

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EU: IN VITRO DIAGNOSTIC REGULATION ENTERED INTO FORCE (PART 3 OF 3)

FDA Clinical Decision Support Software vs. EU’s Medical Device Regulation

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Research assistant Nicole Gebert contributed to this article.
Part 1 of this article discussed the background and purpose of the EU In Vitro Diagnostic Regulati

EU: IN VITRO DIAGNOSTIC REGULATION ENTERED INTO FORCE (PART 3 OF 3)